BEFORE
Learn about your community warning systems.
Be prepared for these disasters that can be spawned by volcanoes.
Earthquakes Flash floods Landslides and mudflows Thunderstorms Tsunamis
Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance--infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities
Advance Warnings: A volcano may show signs of life for years before actually erupting. It also can erupt in a few hours or days. Don't take any chances. Stay away from it and don't climb it for a closer look. Pay attention to the following:
Audible rumblings from the volcano or the ground. Ash and gases appearing from the cone, the sides or around the volcano. This gas can be killing vegetation around the area.
Earth movement, whether faint harmonic tremors or earthquakes. Presence of pumice dust in the air. Acid rain fall.
Steam in clouds over the mouth of the volcano. Rotten egg smell near rivers, betraying the presence of sulphur.
Emergency Procedure
Stay out of harms way-be alert for possible warning signals of imminent eruptions.
Leave the area immediately. Do not waste time trying to save possessions.
Be prepared for difficult travelling conditions.
If vehicles get bogged in deep ash you may have no choice but to abandon them, in which case run for the nearest road out of the area. You may be able to hitch a ride.
Avoid areas downwind from the eruption if ash is being expelled.
Cover face with scarf or dust mask to keep any ash and volcanic dust out of the mouth. The combination of ash and acidic gas can cause lung damage. You might try wetting the mask with water, vinegar, or urine.
Protect the eyes with any snug-fitting goggles, safety glasses, or eye wear.
Beware of flying debris-wear any helmet or hat to protect the head. Also wear thick padded clothing for body protection.
Always check for mudflows when approaching a stream channel. A mudflow can move faster than anyone can run and even buildings may not stop one.
Shelter in buildings (other than emergency refuges) ONLY as a last resort. Walls can be crushed by rocks and lava. Roofs are subject to collapse, even from just the weight of ash and debris.
For a fast moving cloud of gas, ash, rock fragments that accompany an eruption you may have only a couple of choices. Either shelter in an underground emergency refuge or hold you breath and submerge yourself underwater in a river, a lake, or the sea. The danger may pass in 30 second or so.
If you are within the fallout area of an eruption keep your activity to a minimum. Evacuate if necessary. Keep posted by local Emergency authorities. Avoid using equipment since fine ash is very abrasive and damaging. Keep a supply of extra air filters for vehicles and homes.
If you are miles away from the volcanic eruption, you may still be effected by the ash fallout due to wind. If your area is blanketed by volcanic ash, stay insided until notified through emergency services that it is safe to come out.
Do not drive vehicles through ash as damage can occur to the engine and ash will enter the vehicle. Until ash is safely cleaned up, wear a scarf across the face or a dust or surgical mask.
from http://www.preparedness.com/volcanoes.html
Key Facts About Protecting Yourself During a Volcanic Eruption
If a lahar, pyroclastic flow, or lava flow is headed toward you
- Leave the area immediately. If you are warned to evacuate because an eruption is imminent, evacuate.
- If you can drive rather than walk, use your vehicle to evacuate. When driving keep doors and windows closed, drive across the path of danger if you can or away from the danger if you can not, and watch for unusual hazards in the road.
If you are indoors
- Close all windows, doors, and fireplace or woodstove dampers.
- Turn off all fans and heating and air conditioning systems.
- Bring pets and livestock into closed shelters.
If you are outdoors
- Seek shelter indoors.
- If caught in a rockfall, roll into a ball to protect your head.
- If near a stream or river, be aware of rising water and possible mudflows in low-lying areas. Move up-slope as quickly as possible.
- Seek care for burns right away. Immediate care can be life saving.
- If your eyes, nose, and throat become irritated from volcanic gases and fumes, move away from the area immediately. Your symptoms should go away when you are no longer in contact with the gases or fumes. If the symptoms continue, consult your doctor.
Protecting yourself during ashfall
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Stay inside, if possible, with windows and doors closed.
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
- Use goggles to protect your eyes.If ash is continually falling, you may not be able to shelter indoors for more than a few hours, because the weight of the ash could collapse the roof of your building and block air intakes into the building. Listen to authorities for advice on leaving the area when ashfall lasts more than a few hours.
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Exposure to ash can harm your health, particularly the respiratory (breathing) tract. To protect yourself while you are outdoors or while you are cleaning up ash that has gotten indoors, a disposable particulate respirator (also known as an “air purifying respirator”) may be considered. An N-95 respirator is the most common type of disposable particulate respirator and can be purchased at businesses such as hardware stores. It is important to follow directions for proper use of this respirator. For more information, see NIOSH-Approved Disposable Particulate Respirators (Filtering Facepieces). If you don’t have a particulate respirator, you can protect yourself by using a nuisance dust mask as a last resort, but you should stay outdoors for only short periods while dust is falling. Nuisance dust masks can provide comfort and relief from exposure to relatively non-hazardous contaminants such as pollen, but they do not offer as much protection as a particulate respirator. Cleanup or emergency workers may need a different type of breathing protection based on their work activity. Note that disposable particulate respirators do not filter toxic gases and vapors.
- Keep your car or truck engine switched off. Avoid driving in heavy ashfall. Driving will stir up ash that can clog engines and stall vehicles. If you do have to drive, keep the car windows up and do not operate the air conditioning system. Operating the air conditioning system will bring in outside air and ash.
Sources
For more information on volcanoes and health, see the following sources:
- American Red Cross
- Federal Emergency Management Agency
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Washington State Department of Health
from http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/volcanoes/during.asp
You can do many things to protect yourself and your family from the dangers a volcanic eruption can cause. Volcanoes can produce ash, toxic gases, flashfloods of hot water and debris called lahars, lava flows, and fast-moving flows of hot gases and debris called pyroclastic flows.
In the links below, you will find general precautions and preparations for each of these threats. Some of these threats can be predicted ahead of time and others may occur with little or no notice after an eruption occurs. Each volcano and situation is unique. Pay attention to warnings from local authorities for the best advice available on actions you can take to protect yourself and your loved ones.
Current Situation in Alaska
Take Protective Measures
Before a Volcanic Eruption
- Add a pair of goggles and disposable breathing mask for each member of the family to your disaster supply kit.
- Stay away from active volcano sites.
During a Volcanic Eruption
The following are guidelines for what to do if a volcano erupts in your area:
- Evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot gases, lateral blast, and lava flow.
- Be aware of mudflows. The danger from a mudflow increases near stream channels and with prolonged heavy rains. Mudflows can move faster than you can walk or run. Look upstream before crossing a bridge, and do not cross the bridge if mudflow is approaching.
- Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.
Protection from Falling Ash
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.· Use goggles and war eyeglasses instead of contact lenses.
- Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with breathing.
- Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash.
- Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof collapsing.
- Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents, furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents.
- Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters.
- Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash that can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles.
- Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. If you have to drive, keep speed down to 35 MPH or slower.
After a Volcanic Eruption
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5.
Knowledge Check
Read the scenario and answer the question. Check your responses with the answer key.
Scenario
About an hour after the eruption of Mount St. Helens, ash began to fall in Yakima, a city in eastern Washington. The ash fall was so extensive and it became so dark that lights were turned on all day. It took 10 weeks to haul away the ash from Yakima’s streets, sidewalks, and roofs.
Assume you were a resident of Yakima during this time. What would you need to protect yourself when going outside?
For More Information
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful.
Publications
National Weather Service
Heat Wave: A Major Summer Killer. An online brochure describing the heat index, heat disorders, and heat wave safety tips. Available online at: www.nws.noaa.gov/om//brochures/heat_wave.htm
U.S. Geological Survey
Volcano Hazards Program. Website with volcano activity updates, feature stories, information about volcano hazards, and resources. Available online at: volcanoes.usgs.gov
from http://www.fema.gov/areyouready/volcanoes.shtm
Mount Tambora experienced several centuries of inactivity before 1815, known as dormancy, as the result of the gradual cooling of hydrous magma in a closed magma chamber.[7] Inside the chamber at depths between 1.5–4.5 km (4,900–15,000 ft), the exsolution of a high pressure magma fluid formed during cooling and crystallisation of the magma. Overpressure of the chamber of about 4–5 kbar was generated and the temperature ranged from 700–850 °C (1,292–1,562 °F).[7]
In 1812, the caldera began to rumble and generated a dark cloud.[2] On 5 April 1815, a moderate-sized eruption occurred, followed by thunderous detonation sounds, heard in Makassar on Sulawesi (380 kilometres or 240 miles), Batavia (now Jakarta) on Java (1,260 km or 780 mi), and Ternate on the Molucca Islands (1,400 km or 870 mi). What was first thought to be sound of firing guns was heard on 10–11 April on Sumatra island (more than 2,600 km or 1,600 mi away).[16] On the morning of April 6, volcanic ash began to fall in East Java with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April.
At about 7 p.m. on 10 April, the eruptions intensified.[2] Three columns of flame rose up and merged.[16] The whole mountain was turned into a flowing mass of "liquid fire".[16] Pumice stones of up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in diameter started to rain down at approximately 8 p.m., followed by ash at around 9–10 p.m. Hot pyroclastic flows cascaded down the mountain to the sea on all sides of the peninsula, wiping out the village of Tambora. Loud explosions were heard until the next evening, 11 April. The ash veil had spread as far as West Java and South Sulawesi. A "nitrous" odor was noticeable in Batavia and heavy tephra-tinged rain fell, finally receding between 11 and 17 April.[2]
The first explosions were heard on this Island in the evening of 5 April, they were noticed in every quarter, and continued at intervals until the following day. The noise was, in the first instance, almost universally attributed to distant cannon; so much so, that a detachment of troops were marched from Djocjocarta, in the expectation that a neighbouring post was attacked, and along the coast boats were in two instances dispatched in quest of a supposed ship in distress.
—Sir Thomas Raffles' memoir.[16]
The explosion is estimated to have been at scale seven on the Volcanic Explosivity Index.[17] It had roughly four times the energy of the 1883 Krakatoa eruption. An estimated 160 cubic kilometers (38 cubic miles) of pyroclastic trachyandesite was ejected, weighing approximately 1.4×1014 kg (see above).This has left a caldera measuring 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) across and 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft) deep.[2] The density of fallen ash in Makassar was 636 kg/m².[18] Before the explosion, Mount Tambora was approximately 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) high,[2] one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. After the explosion, it now measures only 2,851 metres (9,350 ft).[19]
The 1815 Tambora eruption is the largest observed eruption in recorded history (see Table I, for comparison).[2][4] The explosion was heard 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) away, and ash fell at least 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) away.[2] Pitch darkness was observed as far away as 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the mountain summit for up to two days. Pyroclastic flows spread at least 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the summit.
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora#Chronology_of_the_eruption
All vegetation on the island was destroyed. Uprooted trees, mixed with pumice ash, washed into the sea and formed rafts of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) across.[2] One pumice raft was found in the Indian Ocean, near Calcutta on 1 and 3 October 1815.[4] Clouds of thick ash still covered the summit on 23 April. Explosions ceased on 15 July, although smoke emissions were still observed as late as 23 August. Flames and rumbling aftershocks were reported in August 1819, four years after the event.
A moderate-sized tsunami struck the shores of various islands in the Indonesian archipelago on 10 April, with a height of up to 4 metres (13 ft) in Sanggar at around 10 p.m.[2] A tsunami of 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in height was reported in Besuki, East Java, before midnight, and one of 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height in the Molucca Islands. The total death-toll has been estimated at around 4,600 [20].
The eruption column reached the stratosphere, an altitude of more than 43 km (140,000 ft).[4] The coarser ash particles fell 1 to 2 weeks after the eruptions, but the finer ash particles stayed in the atmosphere from a few months up to a few years at an altitude of 10–30 km (33,000–98,000 ft).[2] Longitudinal winds spread these fine particles around the globe, creating optical phenomena. Prolonged and brilliantly colored sunsets and twilights were frequently seen in London,
The estimated number of deaths varies depending on the source. Zollinger (1855) puts the number of direct deaths at 10,000, probably caused by pyroclastic flows. On Sumbawa island, there were 38,000 deaths due to starvation, and another 10,000 deaths occurred due to disease and hunger on Lombok island.[21] Petroeschevsky (1949) estimated about 48,000 and 44,000 people were killed on Sumbawa and
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora#Aftermath
http://www.cnsm.csulb.edu/departments/geology/people/bperry/Geol303photos/continental%20margins/PlateTectonicsMapUSGS.gif
Indonesia info
youtube mount tambora search
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1815_tambora_explosion.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora#Aftermath
questions who what when where
Who mount :Tambora
What :volcano
active
Strato volcano
When:
1815
Where:
Indonesia
Sumbawa island
how:
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We are now doing our subject on natural disasters Goofy goober59 is doing tsunami es in Indonesia, purplecobra61 is doing earthquakes in Indonesia and I'm doing mount tambora in Indonesia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora
http://www.npr.org/templates/player/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=15691309&m=15691262
1. what is a pseudonym or a screen name
a name that you use when you are on certain websites
2. choose a name that will conceal your identity for your blog and any other projects
we post online
StinkstoBU
3.why did you choose this name?
I dont like BU at all
